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HMS Whiting (1812)
HMS ''Whiting'', built in 1811 by Thomas Kemp as a Baltimore pilot schooner, was launched as ''Arrow''. On 8 May 1812 she was seized by the British navy under Orders in Council, for trading with the French, at which point she was re-fitted and re-named HMS ''Whiting''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?31045 )〕 In 1816, after four years further service as a 12-gun schooner, the ship was sent to patrol the Irish Sea for smugglers and was beached on the Doom Bar. When the tide rose, she was flooded and deemed impossible to refloat.〔
==''Arrow''==
Built for speed, the ''Arrow'' was used as a cargo vessel trading between the USA and France. This was hazardous, as in 1807 Britain had introduced restrictions on American trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The U.S. considered these unlawful.〔''Encyclopedia Americana'', vol. 28 (Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006), p. 340〕
On 8 May 1812, six months after being commissioned, ''Arrow'' was on a return voyage from Bordeaux to Baltimore fully laden with goods such as brandy, champagne, silk, nuts and toys, when the 38-gun frigate HMS ''Andromache'', commanded by Captain Sir George Tobin, seized ''Arrow'' and her cargo. Barely a month later the instruments allowing the seizure were repealed,〔 two days before the United States Congress had voted a declaration of war on Britain, which President Madison approved on 18 June 1812.〔''An Act Declaring War Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Dependencies Thereof and the United States of America and Their Territories'' (text online ) at yale.edu, accessed 26 November 2010〕
Tobin sent ''Arrow'' to Plymouth as a prize, with six of his seamen and two marines on board, under escort of HMS ''Armide'', commanded by Captain Lucius Handyman. As her original crew arrived in England before the declaration of war, they were released.〔 The ship was taken to Plymouth Dockyard where between June 1812 and January 1813 she was re-fitted to be used by the Royal Navy.〔
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